Vitamin D metabolites and fibroblast growth factor-23 in patients with left ventricular assist device implants: association with stroke and mortality risk

Purpose Stroke and mortality risk in patients with left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implants continue to be high. Whether nonclassical cardiovascular risk markers such as vitamin D metabolites and fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23 contribute to this risk remains to be studied, and this was the objective of our work.