Feasibility of angle independent Doppler color imaging for in vivo application: Preliminary study on carotid arteries

An experimental system has been used to acquire Doppler color images using a linear transducer from an ultrasound scanner to reconstruct angle independent Doppler color (AIDC) images in normal carotid arteries in 21 volunteers. Images were first taken from relatively straight segments in the common carotid artery, and comparisons were made in a small area at the center stream. At peak systole, the correlation coefficient of the velocity amplitudes between AIDC imaging (AIDCI) and duplex scanning was 0.94; the correlation coefficient between the flow angles measured from AIDCI and the angles of the vessel wall was 0.99. Periodic variations of the flow angle over the cardiac cycle were always observed by AIDCI, whereas the changes in the geometric angle of the vessel itself were insignificant. This observation suggests that the AIDCI technique is sensitive to alterations of flow direction. On the other hand, the deviation of the flow angle from a fixed correction angle in duplex scanning may cause a certain degree of error in velocity determination. AIDC images were also obtained at the carotid bifurcation. The results show that the AIDCI technique is able to depict major flow features, such as velocity skewing, flow separation, flow reversal and vortical flow, in a complex flow field.