Energetics of Muscle Contraction

The sections in this article are: 1 Historical Perspectives 1.1 Nature of the Muscle Machine 1.2 Chemical Discoveries 1.3 Energetics as an Analytical Tool 1.4 Direct Measurements of Chemical Change 1.5 Summary 2 Chemical Reactions and Metabolic Principles 2.1 Adenosine Triphosphatases 2.2 Creatine Phosphokinase 2.3 Adenylate Kinase 2.4 Adenylate Deaminase and the Purine Nucleotide Cycle 2.5 Glycogenolysis and Glycolysis 2.6 Oxidative Metabolism 3 Basic Energetic Model 4 Thermodynamics 5 Energy Balance 5.1 Myothermic Method 5.2 Biochemical Method 6 Results of Energy Balance Experiments 6.1 Energy Balance Studies in Rana temporaria 6.2 Energy Balance Studies in Rana pipiens 6.3 Amphibian Muscles 6.4 Mammalian Muscles 7 Energetics of Muscles that Shorten or are Stretched 8 New Directions 8.1 Phosphorus Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 8.2 Use of Single Fibers