Biosensing Applications of Electrode Materials

The application of biosensors (BSs) in various fields of our endeavours such as medical science and agriculture as well as environmental management and monitoring has attained great importance. Consequently, this has resulted in more discoveries of comprehensive and influential investigative tools using organic or biological sensing components as BSs. Topical developments in organic or biological procedures and instrumentation have improved the sensitive extent of BSs. Several BSs such as nanoparticles/nanomaterials, polymers, microbes built BSs, etc. have widespread potential applications. However, it is significant to assimilate multifaceted methods to develop BSs that can possibly be used for more diverse applications. Agreeably, nanotechnology has been of great assistance in the transformation of BSs, biosensing-based mechanisms and their applications not just in electrode materials but other aspects of human endeavours. Advancement in the field of nano-sciences has contributed significantly to a wide range of innovative technologies that have allowed us to considerably improve and even reconsidered procedures and products or to generate wholly innovative functionalities. Hence, in this chapter, we will present a comprehensive appraisal of the manufacture of diverse nanostructured conducting polymers as well as their composites with various forms. Our major emphasis will primarily be on conducting polymer-integrated electrochemical biosensors (ECBs) that are used for addressing extensive biological areas as well as the construction and applications of the molecularly reproduced polymer-based BSs. The applications of graphene-based ECBs and biosensing-based electrode systems will also be discussed.