Effects of burrow and tube construction by infauna on sound propagation through marine sediments

Infauna, animals living in marine sediments, modify sediment structure by burrowing, constructing burrows and tubes, and irrigating burrows. These activities can change the bulk porosity and density as well as create heterogeneity in sediment structure. We test the hypothesis that these activities alter sound speed and attenuation in sediments by manipulating homogenized sediments to mimic animal activities. Specifically, we examine the effects of burrow excavation, burrow wall compaction, burrow irrigation, and construction of tubes from shell hash on sound speed and attenuation at 100, 200, and 400 kHz. Wavelengths corresponding to these frequencies span the size of the burrows constructed, and measurements were conducted at several depths within the upper 10 cm of sediment in which infauna are commonly found. Each of these activities or functions is performed by multiple species of animals that comprise a functional group. Our results will help identify functional groups that have important impacts on ...