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Lupus eritematoso sistémico (I)

2021 
espanolEl lupus eritematoso sistemico (LES) es una enfermedad reumatologica autoinmune compleja de caracter cronico y afectacion multisistemica, caracterizada por la produccion de autoanticuerpos, que afecta predominantemente a mujeres en edad fertil. En su patogenia intervienen diferentes factores geneticos, hormonales y ambientales como la luz ultravioleta o ciertas infecciones viricas que interaccionan en el organismo, dando lugar a una caracteristica rotura de la tolerancia. Las manifestaciones clinicas son muy diversas (cutaneomucosas, articulares, hematologicas y renales), destacando la nefritis lupica por su importante influencia en el pronostico del paciente. Las manifestaciones neuropsiquiatricas tambien deben tenerse en cuenta, pues son causa de una significativa morbilidad y mortalidad. Actualmente carecemos de una prueba que resulte patognomonica para su diagnostico, basado en el juicio clinico experto; sin embargo, se han desarrollado actualizados criterios que ayudan a la clasificacion. Dada la complejidad de la patologia, resulta imprescindible llevar a cabo un exhaustivo diagnostico diferencial con otras enfermedades reumatologicas, endocrinologicas, infecciosas y tumorales. EnglishSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, complex rheumatological autoimmune disease with multisystem involvement, characterised by the production of autoantibodies, that predominantly affects women of childbearing age. Different genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors are involved in its pathogenesis, such as ultraviolet light or certain viral infections that interact in the body, resulting in a characteristic breakdown of tolerance. The clinical manifestations are very diverse (cutaneomucosal, joint, haematological, and renal), and lupus nephritis stands out due to its major influence on the patient's prognosis. Neuropsychiatric manifestations must also be considered since they are a cause of significant morbidity and mortality. Currently we have no pathognomonic test for diagnosis based on expert clinical judgement; however, criteria have been updated to aid classification. Given the complexity of the disease, a thorough differential diagnosis with other rheumatological, endocrinological, infectious and tumour diseases is essential.
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