3D structured materials and devices for artificial photosynthesis.

The development of artificial photosynthetic systems is of great significance,which converts solar energy to fuels by photocatalytic water splitting or CO2 photoreduction. This review highlights recent advances in 3D structural artificial photosynthetic systems. First the review introduces three typical mechanisms for improved artificial photosynthesis: improved light harvesting, mass transfer and charge separation. Next, it introduces typical state-of-the-art examples of the design and preparation of 3D structural artificial photosynthetic systems, including bioinspired design, photonic crystals, designed photonic structures, 3D printing, 3D nanowire integrated systems and hierarchical 3D structures. Finally, main challenges and prospects are discussed, and possible trends for further development and optimization are given. We hope this review can inspire more progress in the field of artificial photosynthesis.