The dual diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance abuse: case reports and literature review.

Background: It is now recognized that attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may persist into adulthood. A number of studies have found an association between ADHD and substance abuse. This article describes three adult patients with both ADHD and substance abuse who were treated successfully with psychostimulants. A review of the relevant literature is included. Method: The patients were drawn from a university-based referral center for adults with ADHD. Evaluations for ADHD and substance abuse were completed. Medical therapy and follow-up were completed by the first author. Results: All of the patients responded to psychostimulants and have remained abstinent from alcohol and other drugs for the past 2 to 3 years. Conclusion: This case series and review of the literature suggest that specific treatment for ADHD with psychostimulants is feasible in patients who also have substance abuse. Future studies should evaluate the prevalence of this »dual diagnosis« and the efficacy of differing management strategies