Modeling and optimization of mixing parameters using response surface methodology and characterization of palm oil clinker fine modified bitumen

Abstract One of the major biomass wastes discarded in large volumes from the palm oil mill is the palm oil clinker (POC) chunks. Thus, the need to develop strategies to promotes cleaner production is crucial for environmental sustainability. The present study aims to ascertain the viability of using palm oil clinker fine (POCF) as a bitumen modifier to improve conventional properties. To achieve this aim response surface methodology (RSM) was utilized to evaluate the influence of POCF dosage and mixing parameters on the conventional properties (penetration, softening point, and penetration index) of the POCF-modified bitumen (POCF-MB). By utilizing the central composite design (CCD) process, a quadratic regression model was considered with a p-value