Quantification of spatial tumor heterogeneity in immunohistochemistry staining images.

MOTIVATION Quantitative Immunofluorescence (QIF) is often used for immunohistochemistry (IHC) quantification of proteins that serve as cancer biomarkers. Advanced image analysis systems for pathology allow capturing expression levels in each individual cell or subcellular compartment. However, only the Mean Signal Intensity (MSI) within the cancer tissue region of interest is usually considered as biomarker completely ignoring the issue of tumor heterogeneity. RESULTS We propose using IHC image-derived information on the spatial distribution of cellular signal intensity (CSI) of protein expression within the cancer cell population to quantify both mean expression level and tumor heterogeneity of CSI levels. We view CSI levels as marks in a marked point process of cancer cells in the tissue and define spatial indices based on conditional mean and conditional variance of the marked point process. The proposed methodology provides objective metrics of cell-to-cell heterogeneity in protein expressions that allow discriminating between different patterns of heterogeneity. The prognostic utility of new spatial indices is investigated and compared to the standard MSI biomarkers using the protein expressions in tissue microarrays (TMAs) incorporating tumor tissues from1000+ breast cancer patients. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.