Endothelial cell culture: Synovial microvascular endothelial cell isolation and culture

Introduction Contrary to popular belief the first attempts to culture endothelial cells in vitro pre-date considerably the work of Jaffe et al . (1973) or Gimbrone and others in the early 1970s. Some 50 years earlier in 1922, Warren Lewis reported the growth of endothelial cells isolated from chick liver sinusoids, and in 1925 Maximov demonstrated growth of vessels from rabbit pia. However, such cultures were essentially organ cultures which relied on high plasma concentrations to support the limited ‘endothelial’ like cell outgrowth from the explanted tissue. The work of Jaffe, Gimbrone and colleagues deserves mention for their pioneering work in isolating and maintaining endothelial cells in long-term culture as a single cell type, free of fibroblastic, and other non-endothelial, cell contamination. To examine the role of particular microvascular beds in certain disease states, the long-term culture of endothelial cells derived from human microvascular beds remains a primary goal for many cell biologists. The realisation of this goal was aided immensely by the seminal articles of Judah Folkman and colleagues in the late 1970s (Folkman et al . 1979) which defined the fastidious growth conditions required by certain human microvascular endothelial cells in vitro . Unfortunately, the laborious isolation methods employed by Folkman and Haudenschild have been less widely applicable. However, as this book highlights, there is no universal isolation and culture method which is applicable to all microvascular endothelial cell sources. Theoretically, if a vessel can be cannulated, endothelial cells can be isolated by collagenase perfusion in a manner similar to that proposed by Jaffe for umbilical veins (Jaffe et al ., 1973).