Endoscopic scene labelling and augmentation using intraoperative pulsatile motion and colour appearance cues with preoperative anatomical priors

Purpose Despite great advances in medical image segmentation, the accurate and automatic segmentation of endoscopic scenes remains a challenging problem. Two important aspects have to be considered in segmenting an endoscopic scene: (1) noise and clutter due to light reflection and smoke from cutting tissue, and (2) structure occlusion (e.g. vessels occluded by fat, or endophytic tumours occluded by healthy kidney tissue).