Prolonged exposure of dendritic cells to maturation stimuli favors the induction of type-2 cytotoxic T lymphocytes

Dendritic cell (DC) maturation influences the priming and polarization of T lymphocytes. We recently found that early activated DC (i.e. DC exposed to pro-maturation stimuli for 8 h) were more prone to prime in vivo a type-1 cytotoxic T cell (Tc1) response than DC exposed to pro-maturation stimuli for 48 h (48h-DC). We investigated whether 48h-DC, conversely, allowed the induction of Tc2 cells. Antigen-pulsed mouse bone-marrow-derived DC at any maturation stage, in the presence of exogenous IL-12, skewed in vitro naive CD8+ T cells towards Tc1 cells, but 48h-DC most potently, in the presence of exogenous IL-4, favored the induction of Tc2 cells. In vivo, full maturation of DC promoted expansion of Tc2 and fall of Tc1 cells. Tc2 cells maintained a high cytolytic activity and produced significant amounts of IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and TGF-β. Our results indicate that polarization of naive CD8+ T cells to Tc2 cells is dependent on the amount of time DC have been exposed to maturation stimuli, and might be favored in late and/or chronic phases of an immune response.