Prodrugs, phospholipids and vesicular delivery - An effective triumvirate of pharmacosomes

Abstract With the advent from the laboratory bench to patient bedside in last five decades, vesicular systems have now come to be widely accepted as pragmatic means for controlled delivery of drugs. Their success stories include those of liposomes, niosomes and even the lately developed ethosomes and transferosomes. Pharmacosomes, which, as delivery systems offer numerous advantages and have been widely researched, however, remain largely unacknowledged as a successful delivery system. Though a large number of drugs have been derivatized and formulated into self-assembled vesicular systems, the term pharmacosomes has not been widely used while reporting them. Therefore, their relative obscurity may be attributed to the non-usage of the nomenclature of pharmacosomes by the researchers working in the area. We present a review on the scenario that lead to origin of these bio-inspired vesicles composed of self-assembling amphiphilic molecules. Various drugs that have been formulated into pharmacosomes, their characterization techniques, their properties relative to those of other vesicular delivery systems, and the success achieved so far are also discussed.