Screening of Five Essential Oils for Identification of Potential Inhibitors of IL-1-induced Nf-κB Activation and NO Production in Human Chondrocytes: Characterization of the Inhibitory Activity of α-Pinene

Nuclear factor- κB is a key transcription factor activated by pro-inflammatory signals, like interleukin-1 β (IL-1), being required for the expression of many inflammatory and catabolic mediators, such as nitric oxide (NO), that play an important role in arthritic diseases. This work aimed at screening and identifying natural inhibitors of IL-induced NF- κB activation and NO production in human articular chondrocytes. Five essential oils obtained from four plants of the Iberian flora, MENTHA X PIPERITA L. (Lamiaceae), ORIGANUM VIRENS L. (Lamiaceae), LAVANDULA LUISERI L. (Lamiaceae), and JUNIPERUS OXYCEDRUS L. subsp. OXYCEDRUS (Cupressaceae), were screened for their ability to prevent IL-1-induced NO production. The oil showing higher inhibitory activity was fractionated, concentrated, analyzed for composition elucidation and prepared for further assays. For this purpose, the human chondrocytic cell line C-28/I2 was used to evaluate NF- κB activation by determining the cytoplasmic levels of the total and phosphorylated forms of the inhibitory protein, I κB- α, and the NF- κB-DNA binding activity. The essential oil from the leaves of J. OXYCEDRUS in a concentration of 0.02 % (v/v) achieved the greatest inhibition (80 ± 8 %) of IL-1-induced NO production. Chemical analysis showed that this essential oil is predominantly composed of monoterpene hydrocabons, being α-pinene [2,6,6-trimethyl-bicyclo(3.1.1)hept-3-ene] the major constituent (76 %). Similarly to the effect of the whole oil, a fraction containing 93 % α-pinene reduced significantly IL-1-induced I κB- α degradation. Moreover, α-pinene also decreased I κB- α phosphorylation, NF- κB-DNA binding activity, and NO production. Another fraction containing oxygenated mono- and sesquiterpenes was nearly as effective as α-pinene. The ability of the α-pinene-containing fraction to reduce IL-1-induced NF-κB activation and NO production warrants further studies to demonstrate the usefulness of α-pinene in the treatment of arthritic diseases and other conditions in which NF- κB and NO play pathological roles.