Health effects of radiation exposure in diagnostic radiology

For risk estimations, scientists have at their disposition results from molecular, cellular and animal experiments, risk modelling and human epidemiological studies. Much has been achieved, but large uncertainties in quantitative risk estimates of exposure of humans to low levels of ionising radiation still remain. Radiation risks in diagnostic radiology are reviewed in this paper. The paper addresses stochastic as well as deterministic effects. Risks for adult, paediatric and prenatal exposures are discussed. It is concluded that a pragmatic approach for radiation protection in diagnostic radiology is indicated, i.e. precautionary measures should be taken even if some cause-and-effect relationships are not fully established scientifically.