Pharmacokinetics and -dynamics of intramuscular and intranasal naloxone: an explorative study in healthy volunteers

Purpose This study aimed to develop a model for pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic studies of naloxone antagonism under steady-state opioid agonism and to compare a high-concentration/low-volume intranasal naloxone formulation 8 mg/ml to intramuscular 0.8 mg.