Childhood paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH), a report of 11 cases in the Netherlands

Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) is characterized by intravascular haemolysis, nocturnal haemoglobinuria, thrombotic events, serious infections and bone marrow failure. This acquired disease, caused by a deficiency of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchored proteins on the haematopoietic cells, is rare in children. We describe 11 Dutch paediatric PNH patients (median age: 12 years, range 9-17 years) diagnosed since 1983, seven cases associated with aplastic anaemia (AA), four with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Presenting symptoms were haemorrhagic diathesis (n = 10), palor/tiredness (n = 8), dark urine (n = 1), fever (n = 1) and serious weight loss (n = 1). Treatment consisted of prednisolone (n = 7), anti-thymocyte globulin (n = 3) and/or androgens (n = 5). Eventually, five patients received a bone marrow transplantation (BMT) (three matched unrelated donors/two matched family donors), of whom four are still alive. PNH, diagnosed by immunophenotypic GPI-linked anchor protein analysis, should be considered in all children with AA or MDS. BMT should be considered as a therapeutic option in every paediatric PNH patient with BM failure.