Synergizing basic and applied scientific approaches to help understand lamprey biology and support management actions

Abstract Lampreys (Petromyzontiformes) are a key component of freshwater ecosystems throughout temperate parts of the world. Of the 44 described species of lamprey, the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) is certainly the most commonly recognized. This species has expanded its range from the Atlantic Ocean basin where it is of conservation concern in North America and Europe into the Laurentian Great Lakes where it is subject to a large-scale international control program. Many other species of lamprey are imperiled and require management intervention to ensure their persistence. These management efforts range from routine assessment and monitoring to active or proposed restoration plans where they have been extirpated. Regardless of whether the goal is to control or conserve a given lamprey population, an understanding of their basic biology is paramount when generating and executing management plans. Here, we take a broad look across core aspects of biology (survival, foraging, and reproduction) that encompass challenges and opportunities in regard to future science-based management of lampreys. We attempt to synergize basic and applied research to highlight where these findings are most applicable to solving management problems and reveal knowledge gaps. We conclude by suggesting future research avenues and questions aimed to stimulate progress in both basic and applied lamprey research.