Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis and multiple sclerosis in Sardinian patients: Epidemiology and clinical features

Background:Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is an infectious factor recently found in association with multiple sclerosis (MS) in Sardinia.Objectives:The objectives of this study were to confirm this association and evaluate its role in clinical features.Methods:A total of 436 patients and 264 healthy controls (HCs) were included. We examined the blood of each individual for MAPDNA and MAP2694 antibodies using IS900-specific PCR and ELISA, respectively. Differences in MAP presence between the MS group and HCs were evaluated. In MS patients, we considered: gender, age, age at onset, duration of disease, course, EDSS, therapy, relapse/steroids at study time, and oligoclonal bands (OBs).Results:MAPDNA and MAP2694 antibodies were detected in 68 MS and six HCs (p = 1.14 × 10−11), and 123 MS and 10 HCs (p = 2.59 × 10−23), respectively. OBs were found with reduced frequency in MAP-positive patients (OR = 0.52; p = 0.02). MAP2694 antibodies were detected more in patients receiving MS treatmen...