Integrating El Niño-Southern Oscillation information and spatial diversification to minimize risk and maximize profit for Australian grazing enterprises

Climate strongly influences agricultural profitability. Climate risks on agriculture can be managed by moving production to other areas, but this may be costly and reduce profitability if climatic conditions are dynamic. Here, we test whether integrating spatial diversification and climate information could minimize climate risk, while not sacrificing profitability. We use 27 years of farm business profit and climate data (1991–2018) from four of Australia’s most climatically diverse regions where grazing underpins socioeconomic activity. We show that spatial diversification coupled with seasonal climate information from El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) provides better estimates of optimized risk-profit tradeoffs in different ENSO years compared to estimates without climate information. Conditional Value-at-Risk (CVaR) (a measure of financial risk) is lower when climate information is used in El Nino (1.23 $/ha), La Nina (1.19 $/ha), and Neutral years (1.22 $/ha), compared to when no climate information (1.57 $/ha) is used. When targeting high profits, CVaR is reduced by 15, 86, and 22% in El Nino, La Nina, and Neutral years, respectively, compared to a 5% reduction when no climate information is used. When aiming to minimize CVaR in drought (El Nino), profit is higher using climate-informed spatial diversification (expected profits of 2.71 $/ha), relative to when it is not (expected profits of 2.30 $/ha). Climate-informed spatial diversification also provides options to graziers to achieve much higher gains (expected profits of up to ~ 4.13 $/ha) under La Nina versus 2.62 $/ha when no climate information is used. Here, we show for the first time that seasonal climate information coupled with spatial diversification can provide strategies to help graziers reduce risk and increase profitability. Our approach is applicable to other parts of the world and could be used to decrease climate risk and increase profitability for other agricultural sectors exposed to variable climatic conditions.