Ventricular Septal Defect

Ventricular septal defects (VSD) was a common congenital cardiac abnormality with defects in the interventricular septum results in a hemodynamic communication between the right and left ventricles. It is considered the most common congenital cardiac disease diagnosed in children and the second most common in adults. It accounts for approximately 40% of congenital heart disease. Clinical presentation varies depending on the defect size and degree of the shunt. The diagnosis can be accomplished by echocardiography or CTA with ECG-gating with direct visualization of the septal defect. Surgical and transcatheter closure of the defect were commonly used, while defect closure in patients with raised pulmonary vascular resistance can result in substantial morbidity and mortality.