Robot-assisted partial nephrectomy of initial cases using a 3D square-block type kidney model

Background: It is extremely important to understand the local anatomy prior to performing appropriate and efficient robot-assisted partial nephrectomies (RAPNs). Methods: We developed a personalized three-dimensional printed kidney model of square-block type to enhance our knowledge and understanding on the underlying anatomy during RAPN, and we consequently applied this model to six initial cases of RAPN. Results: The mean warm ischemic time was 18 minutes and the mean estimated blood loss was 59 mL. Only one patient presented with a minor complication, whereas all six patients included in this study were surgical margin negative. Conclusions: We believe that this cost-effective model helped us in understanding the underlying local anatomy and facilitating an increased efficiency in the related surgery. Further studies are required to validate our preliminary results.