Trends and hassles in the microbial production of lactic acid from lignocellulosic biomass

Abstract Lactic acid is an important biomolecule extensively used in various industries for the production of foods, drugs, cosmetics, bioplastic polylactic acid (PLA), etc. Microbial fermentation has proven to be an auspicious approach for lactic acid industrial production because it allows for the utilization of renewable green energy sources. Different biotechnological techniques have been explored to increase lactic acid production. However, this bio-based production route suffers from the major shortcoming derived from the limited availability of fermentable starchy substrates. This concern has led to the search for cost-effective and widely available alternative substrates. Lignocellulosic biomass, due to its abundance and continuous production, is presented as a viable substitute substrate for lactic acid production. However, various challenges stemming from the complexity of polymeric sugars are linked with the use of lignocellulosic materials. The potential solutions to maximize the benefits of using lignocellulosic biomass in LA production should be considered. This review examined and discussed recent progress in the production of lactic acid using lignocellulosic biomass and highlights potential strategies for improving its production. Additionally, the most recent purification techniques are summarized. Building upon this knowledge will set the stage for the further establishment of innovative sustainability approaches to circular bio-economy.