Excited-state dynamics of bacteriorhodopsin probed by broadband femtosecond fluorescence spectroscopy

Abstract The impact of varying excitation densities (∼0.3 to ∼40 photons per molecule) on the ultrafast fluorescence dynamics of bacteriorhodopsin has been studied in a wide spectral range (630–900 nm). For low excitation densities, the fluorescence dynamics can be approximated biexponentially with time constants of