Feasibility and sustainability analyses of carbon dioxide – hydrogen separation via de-sublimation process in comparison with other processes

Abstract Hydrogen (H 2 ) plays a vital role both as a reactant in petrochemical processes and as an energy carrier and storage medium. When produced from carbon-containing feed stocks, such as fossil fuels and biomass, hydrogen is typically produced as a mixture with carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), and must be subsequently separated by the associated energy, with an invertible energy penalty. In this study, the process for the removal of carbon dioxide from CO 2 - H 2 mixtures by de-sublimation was analysed. This process is particularly relevant to the production of liquid hydrogen (LH 2 ) at cryogenic temperatures, for which cooling of the H 2 stream is already necessary. The solid – gas equilibrium of CO 2 - H 2 was studied using the Peng-Robinson equation of state which provided a wide range of operating conditions for process simulation. The de-sublimation process was compared with selected conventional separation processes, including amine-based absorption, pressure swing adsorption and membrane separation. In the scenario in which the resulting products, carbon dioxide and hydrogen, were subsequently liquefied for transportation and storage at 10 bar and −46 °C, and 1 bar and −251.8 °C, respectively. The overall energy consumption per kg of CO 2 separated (MJ/kgCO 2) , was found to follow the order: 8.19–11.21 for monoethanolamine (MEA) absorption; 1.81–8.93 for membrane separation; 1.53–5.69 for pressure swing adsorption; and 0.81–3.35 de-sublimation process. Each process was evaluated and compared on the bases of electricity demand, cooling water usage, high-pressure steam usage, and refrigeration energy requirements. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages were discussed and the feasibility and sustainability of the processes for application in the production of liquid hydrogen were assessed.