Sequential extraction studies on aquatic sediment and biofilm samples for the assessment of heavy metal mobility

Abstract Aquatic sediment samples and biofilms from two sampling sites representing different environmental situations (Kosice, Slovakia and Godollő, Hungary) were studied on their heavy metal content. Fractionation of the metallic content of the samples was done by the improved three-step BCR sequential extraction procedure supplemented with microwave-assisted HNO 3 /H 2 O 2 digestion and another three-step method using supercritical CO 2 , subcritical H 2 O and their mixture, pseudototal element content was gained by microwave-assisted HNO 3 /H 2 O 2 digestion of the original samples. Influence of the sample–extractant ratio on the extracted elements' concentration in the BCR procedure was also studied. The sum of concentrations for Zn, Pb, Ni and Cu in the biofilm extracts of the (3 + 1)-step BCR procedure was in most cases higher than the pseudototal concentrations, so that the sequential extraction may be more effective than the single-step HNO 3 /H 2 O 2 digestion. Lower sample–extractant ratios may increase the efficiency of the BCR method. The estimated easily mobilizable element content provided by the two sequential procedures (first step of the BCR with 0.11 mol dm − 3 acetic acid and second and third steps of the alternative method with H 2 O and H 2 O + CO 2 , respectively) was similar in case of Cd, Ni and Cu in both biofilm and sediment samples.