Initial characterization of shade avoidance response suggests functional diversity between Populus phytochrome B genes

Summary Shade avoidance signaling involves perception of incident red/far-red (R/FR) light by phytochromes(PHYs)andmodulationofdownstreamtranscriptionalnetworks.Althoughthese responses are well studied in Arabidopsis, little is known about the role of PHYs and the transcriptional responses to shade in the woody perennial Populus. Tissue expression and subcellular localization of Populus PHYs was studied by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and protoplast transient assay. Transgenic lines with altered PHYB1 and/orPHYB2expressionwereusedinphenotypicassaysandtranscriptprofilingwithqRT-PCR. RNA-Seq was used to identify transcriptional responses to enriched FR light. All three PHYs were differentially expressed among tissue types and PHYBs were targeted to the nucleus under white light. Populus PHYB1 rescued Arabidopsis phyB mutant phenotypes. Phenotypes of Populus transgenic lines and the expression of candidate shade response genes suggested that PHYB1 and PHYB2 have distinct yet overlapping functions. RNA-Seq analysis indicated that genes associated with cell wall modification and brassinosteroid signaling were induced under enriched FR light in Populus. This study is an initial attempt at deciphering the role of Populus PHYs by evaluating transcriptionalreprogrammingtoenrichedFRanddemonstratesfunctionaldiversityandoverlap of the Populus PHYB1 and PHYB2 in regulating shade responses.