Atrial activity and its effects

: The initiation of cardiac impulse is located in the sinus node, in the upper anterior part of the right atrium. The importance of the atrium is not only linked to the regulation of heart rate, but also to its haemodynamic function. Indeed, atrial depolarization leads to atrial contraction which can be responsible for up to 30% of cardiac output by way of ventricular filling. Supraventricular arrhythmias are related to one of the following mechanisms: abnormal automaticity, triggered activity, and reentry. Most of supraventricular tachycardias are due to a reentrant phenomenon (intranodal reentrant tachycardia, orthodromic circusmovement tachycardia, atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation). At the onset of a supraventricular tachycardia, the loss of efficacious atrial contraction as well as the increased heart rate may abruptly decrease ventricular filling. As a consequence, stroke volume is reduced, leading to a decrease in cardiac output and in arterial blood pressure, explaining that the patient may experience syncope. Usually, blood pressure reduction resumes within 30 seconds after activation of the autonomic adrenergic nervous system. In case of an underlying heart disease, the supraventricular tachycardia may lead to acute cardiac failure. When reentry is concerned, the tachycardia is going around a specific circuit. The existence of such a circuit in most of supraventricular tachycardias has led to the development of ablation therapy, the goal of which is to destroy a critical portion of the circuit hence making the recurrence of reentrant tachycardia impossible.