Use of antibiotic with ONE HEALTH perspective: Spanish Strategic Action Plan to reduce the risk of selection and dissemination of antibiotic resistance

Abstract Antibiotic resistance is occurring everywhere in the world, compromising our ability to treat bacterial disease, and with a very high epidemiological, microbiological and clinical impact. Nowadays, a wide range of initiatives and activities, aimed specifically at addressing the challenge of AMR, have been launched by governments and private entities around the world. World Health Organisation has adopted a global action plan on AMR; likewise European Union has adopted an action plan against the rising threats from AMR, aimed to tackle AMR. The plan contains 12 actions and identifies 7 areas where measures are most necessary. Spain has performed a National Plan to Combat Antibiotic Resistance which includes six strategies with the objective to combat the resistance and to ensure, for as long as possible, continuity of successful treatment of bacterial disease with effective and safe medicines, used in a responsible way, and accessible to all who need them. The Plan has a holistic, multisectoral approach, involving many different sectors (human medicine, veterinary medicine, research, animal husbandry, education and communication) because it is only by taking action in all of these areas simultaneously that further spread of resistance will be limited and antibiotic kept effective.