A model for calculating the aspiration for an internal combustion engine

The indicated power output of a combustion engine is directly proportional to the weight of air vehiculated in unit time. Usually, the volumetric efficiency is defined as the ratio the actually drawn in volume of air, referred to the intake temperature and pressure condition, to volume swept by the piston. The volumetric efficiency depends on the intake area, a suitable valve lift and opening period, as well as on the flow pattern through the inlet manifold, associated with pressure losses and heat transfer. On the other hand a good aspiration is conditioned by a good exhaust which depends on the same parameters: exhaust valve area, a suitable opening period, and reduced pressure losses along exhaust pipe