Ecological aspects of the design and operation of conduits of hydroelectric schemes

1. Deep reservoirs are stratified with respect to the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the water. 2. Withdraw of water from the lower layers of a stratified reservoir markedly disturbs the natural temperature regime of the lower pool of a hydroelectric scheme and leads to storage of heat in the reservoir, which in turn stimulates the outburst of water bloom, increases evaporation, etc. At the same time, the content of biogenic substances in the lower layers of the reservoir decreases. 3. Withdraw of water from the surface layers leads to a reduction of heat in the reservoir and to the accumulation of biogenic substances in the lower layers. 4. To prevent negative ecological consequences related to the creation of deep reservoirs, it is expedient to design multilevel service intakes, which will make it possible to regulate the thermal, hydrochemical, and hydrobiological regimes in the upper and lower pools of hydroelectric schemes. 5. The principal of withdrawal of water from various layers can become the basis for creating an automated water-quality management system of the reservoir and lower pool of a hydroelectric scheme.