Introduction to this special section: 4D seismic

Time-lapse (4D) seismic is a well-established technology used to monitor production in oil and gas fields. This includes fluid replacements, pressure changes, and geomechanical effects. Using a variety of acquisition systems and techniques, 4D seismic is being used actively on fields around the world to optimize production, find bypassed oil, influence well-drilling decisions, and optimize development and production plans.