Patent foramen ovale and neurologic events in patients undergoing liver transplantation

Abstract Background Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is present in approximately 20% of individuals. During liver transplantation (LT), intra-operative transesophageal echocardiography can observe transient intra-cardiac shunting of atheromatous debris via a PFO. Closure of PFOs prior to LT has thus been suggested as a potential treatment to reduce peri-operative cerebral vascular accident (CVA). The objective of this study was to assess if the presence of PFO is associated with CVA in patients undergoing LT. Methods Three hundred fifty-eight patients undergoing LT at a single academic institution were included. All patients underwent standardized cardiac evaluation including a detailed cardiovascular history and physical examination, electrocardiogram and transthoracic echocardiogram. Five patients were excluded because of poor transthoracic echocardiographic image quality, and three patients were excluded because of PFO closure prior to LT, yielding a study population of 350 patients. Medical records were reviewed to determine demographics, echocardiographic findings and outcome following LT. Major adverse cardiovascular events, myocardial infarction, CVA and death were collected. Results Mean age was 53.4 ± 10.2 years; 61% male and 5% of patients had a prior history of CVA. Alcohol and hepatitis C were the most common etiologies for liver disease. Forty-six patients (13.1%) were diagnosed with PFO prior to LT. In-hospital CVA occurred in 6 patients (1.7%). The prevalence of a CVA was not significantly higher in patients with PFO compared to patients without PFO, 2.2% vs 1.6%, p  = 0.57. In-hospital mortality was similar in patients with PFO compared to patients without PFO, 4.4% and 5.3%, p  = 1.0. Conclusions The presence of a PFO in patients undergoing LT is not associated with postoperative CVA. Prophylactic closure of PFOs, in the absence of other indications, does not appear to be warranted in patients undergoing LT.