Repeated Administrations of Cardiac Progenitor Cells Are Markedly More Effective Than a Single AdministrationNovelty and Significance: A New Paradigm in Cell Therapy

Rationale: The effects of c-kit POS cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs, and adult cell therapy in general) on left ventricular (LV) function have been regarded as modest or inconsistent. Objective: To determine whether 3 CPC infusions have greater efficacy than 1 infusion. Methods and Results: Rats with a 30-day-old myocardial infarction received 1 or 3 CPC infusions into the LV cavity, 35 days apart. Compared with vehicle-treated rats, the single-dose group exhibited improved LV function after the first infusion (consisting of CPCs) but not after the second and third (vehicle). In contrast, in the multiple-dose group, regional and global LV function improved by a similar degree after each CPC infusion, resulting in greater cumulative effects. For example, the total increase in LV ejection fraction was approximately triple in the multiple-dose group versus the single-dose group ( P Conclusions: This is the first demonstration that repeated CPC administrations are markedly more effective than a single administration. The concept that the full effects of CPCs require repeated doses has significant implications for both preclinical and clinical studies; it suggests that the benefits of cell therapy may be underestimated or even overlooked if they are measured after a single dose, and that repeated administrations are necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of a cell product properly. In addition, we describe a new method that enables studies of repeated cell administrations in rodents.