T-cell involvement in sex differences in blood pressure control.

Hypertension affects one-third of adults in the Western world and is the most common independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and the leading cause of premature death globally. Despite available therapeutic options, approximately half of the hypertensive population taking medication does not achieve adequate blood pressure (BP) control leaving them at increased risk of chronic kidney disease, renal failure, stroke, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, aneurysm and peripheral artery disease. New therapeutic options need to be identified for the treatment of hypertension in order to increase the percentage of individuals with controlled BP. There is a growing basic science literature regarding the role of T-cells in the pathogenesis of hypertension and BP control; however, the majority of this literature has been performed exclusively in males despite the fact that both men and women develop hypertension. This is especially problematic since hypertension is well recognized as having distinct sex differences in the prevalence, absolute BP values and molecular mechanisms contributing to the pathophysiology of the disease. The purpose of this article is to review the available literature regarding sex differences in T-cells in hypertension followed by highlighting the potential pathways that may result in sex-specific effects on T-cell activation and differentiation. * Ang, : angiotensin; APC, : antigen-presenting cell; BP, : blood pressure; DAMP, : damage-associated molecular pattern; DC, : dendritic cell; DOCA, : deoxycoticosterone acetate; IFN, : interferon; IL, : interleukin; LV, : left ventricular; MMF, : mycophenolate mofetil; NAC, : N -acetylcysteine; NKT, : natural killer T-cells; PRR, : pattern recognition receptor; Rag, : recombination-activating gene; SHR, : spontaneously hypertensive rats; SLE, : systemic lupus erythaematosus; Th, : T helper; TLR, : Toll-like receptor; TNF, : tumour necrosis factor; Treg, : regulatory T-cell