On the Value of Crowding in Public Transport for Île-de-France

The Ile-de-France (the Paris region) has experienced a 20% growth in public transit ridership in the past decade. Though growth in transit ridership was one of the goals of a sustainable urban mobility plan, it was not anticipated that the growth would be of this magnitude. Transit riders are now subject to crowding conditions on the transit vehicles, especially during peak travel hours. This paper explores the effects of crowding on public transit vehicles, and resulting long waiting times for transit riders, in the Ile-de-France.