Cell‐Assembled Graphene Biocomposite for Enhanced Chondrogenic Differentiation

Graphene-based nanomaterials are increasingly being explored for use as biomaterials for drug delivery and tissue engineering applications due to their exceptional physicochemical and mechanical properties. However, the two-dimensional nature of graphene makes it difficult to extend its applications beyond planar tissue culture. Here, graphene–cell biocomposites are used to pre-concentrate growth factors for chondrogenic differentiation. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are assembled with graphene flakes in the solution to form graphene-cell biocomposites. Increasing concentrations of graphene (G) and porous graphene oxide (pGO) are found to correlate positively with the extent of differentiation. However, beyond a certain concentration, especially in the case of graphene oxide, it will lead to decreased chondrogenesis due to increased diffusional barrier and cytotoxic effects. Nevertheless, these findings indicate that both G and pGO could serve as effective pre-concentration platforms for the construction of tissue-engineered cartilage and suspension-based cultures in vitro.