Knowledge systems in health in sub-Saharan Africa: results of a questionnaire-based survey:

Objective: To describe the mechanisms and systems of knowledge acquisition, creation, diffusion, application and improvement of knowledge in two layers of the health system: health policy formulation and the provision of clinical services. Design: A questionnaire-based survey. Setting: Health research institutions in 46 countries of the World Health Organization (WHO) African Region. Participants: Key informants in ministries of health and health care institutions in 39 countries of the Region. Main outcome measures: Existence of knowledge management infrastructure or components of infrastructure in the countries of the Region. Results: Central national bodies are always cited as having a major role in policy-setting. Non-national bodies most frequently provide advice and act in monitoring and evaluation, while decentralised entities are strongly involved in dissemination, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation. In general, ministries tend not to have an explicit knowledge management framework and do not map knowledge sources and flows for policy-making. The main sources of evidence are guidelines or recommendations from international or national agencies, although systematic reviews are rarely used. Routine monitoring and evaluation of quality and effectiveness of the process of policy development and its implementation was reported in 19 of the 39 respondent countries. In most respondent countries, electronic medical records were rarely used. Conclusions: As systematic reviews are rarely utilised as a source of evidence in policy development and few mechanisms exist to assess the performance of the policies, there are significant opportunities for improving policy development.