A Systematic Review of Diabetes Disease Management Programs

hemoglobin was a 0.5‐percentage point reduction (95% confidence interval, 0.3 to 0.6 percentage points), a modest but significant improvement. Evidence also supports program benefits in improving screening for retinopathy and foot lesions. Conclusions: Diabetes disease management programs can improve glycemic control to a modest extent and can increase screening for retinopathy and foot complications. Further efforts will be required to create more effective disease management programs for patients with diabetes mellitus. (Am J Manag Care. 2005;11:242-250)