Monthly ammonia emissions from fertilizers in 12 Canadian Ecoregions

Emissions of ammonia (NH3) from agriculture have been associated with transboundary atmospheric pollutant transport and potential human health problems. Specifically, NH3 gas reacts in the atmosphere to form fine particles (PM2.5) that are subject to long range transport and are considered to be associated with elevated risk of all-cause, lung-cancer and cardiopulmonary mortality. Agriculture is a major source of atmospheric NH3, and, of this, NH3 from fertilizers is perhaps the most easily managed. Recent shifts in nitrogen (N) fertilizer materials and improved placement of urea and related fertilizers have resulted in marked changes in emissions. This paper describes a model developed to predict month-by-month emissions of fertilizer NH3, supported by surveys of farmers and fertilizer industry personnel that update information on fertilizer use. Compared with previous estimates by Environment Canada, the fraction of fertilizer N emitted as NH3 is estimated to be 50% lower in the vast prairie regions (a ...