Robotic surgery techniques to approach benign prostatic hyperplasia disease: A comprehensive literature review and the state of art

Abstract The robotic-assisted approach to simple prostatectomy (RASP) was conceived, essentially reproducing the fundaments of open simple prostatectomy. Since the first report, RASP underwent several technical modifications. To identify and describe the current robotic surgery techniques to approach benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The paper performed a non-systematic literature review accessing PubMed and Embase databases for all full-text articles published from 2008 to May 2020, assessing robot-assisted surgical techniques for BPH treatment using the terms "robot-assisted simple prostatectomy" OR "robotic simple prostatectomy" OR "RASP" AND "surgical technique". One hundred and eighty studies in PubMed and 198 in Embase, after careful review, 16 papers reporting different RASP techniques. After the first procedure described by Sotelo et al. [9], several authors contributed to the development of the RASP technique. John et al. [24] proposed the extraperitoneal access, and Yuh et al. [23] first reported the adenoma transcapsular dissection. Some modifications were proposed by Coelho et al. [31] on trigonization, posterior reconstruction, and urethro-vesical anastomosis. Other groups focused on urethral-preserving procedures. Moschovas et al. [28] and Clavijo et al. [32] recently described an intrafascial RASP with the removal of the entire prostatic tissue. Finally, Kaouk et al. [29] reported the feasibility and safety of the da Vinci Single Port approach. In the last eighteen years, the robotic-assisted approach to BPH disease has been evolved, and different techniques have been described. This review detail all the technical developments on RASP that distinctive groups have proposed since the multiport robotic platforms until the new da Vinci Single Port.