A Mid-Pleistocene in situ fossil brown hyaena (Parahyaena brunnea) latrine from Gladysvale Cave, South Africa

Abstract An in situ fossil latrine is reported from Gladysvale Cave, South Africa. The latrine area is c. 1.5 m in observable horizontal length and varies in height with a maximum of 20 cm, indicating that deposition may have occurred over a considerable period of time. The size of individual coprolites in the latrine varies, with larger specimens > 30 mm in diameter, but the majority generally smaller (c. 15–20 mm). The overall size and morphology of the coprolites and latrine are consistent with modern Parahyaena brunnea , which inhabit the caves today. Dated to between 195 and 257 ka, the latrine indicates that troglodytic latrine-making behaviour in P. brunnea may be traced to at least the Late Middle Pleistocene of southern Africa.