Synthesis and Evaluation of Surface Activity of Gemini Borate Surfactants Based on Glucose Moiety

A series of Gemini borate surfactants were synthesized based on glucose molecule. Their chemical structures were confirmed using 1H-NMR,13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mass spectroscopy. The surface activities of these Gemini amphiphiles were measured, including surface tension (γ), critical micelle concentration (CMC), effectiveness (IIcmc), efficiency (pC20), maximum surface excess (Γmax), and minimum surface area (Amin) at different temperatures 25, 35, and 45°C either in pure water or in water–ethanol mixture (10%). Also, thermodynamic data including free energy, entropy, and enthalpy changes (ΔS, TΔS, ΔH) for adsorption at the air–water interface and also for micellization in surfactant solutions were calculated.