Pharyngeal flap revisions: flap elevation from a scarred posterior pharynx.

Twenty-one consecutive patients who had earlier superiorly based pharyngeal flap surgery and persistent velopharyngeal insufficiency were seen between 1976 and 1991. Patients were divided into two treatment groups, depending on the results of videofluoroscopic and nasopharyngoscopic assessment. The first group consisted of 18 patients who had bilateral port insufficiency and required a complete reconstruction of a new superiorly based pharyngeal flap that was elevated from a scarred posterior pharyngeal wall. After an average follow-up of 6.2 years, 15 patients had normal resonance, 2 patients had improvement but continued hypernasality, and 1 patient was hyponasal. The second group consisted of 3 patients who had «patch» flaps to a unilateral port insufficiency