Percutaneous placement of pedicle screws in the lumbar spine using a bone mounted miniature robotic system: first experiences and accuracy of screw placement.

Study Design.A prospective analysis.Objective.The idea of this study was to evaluate a new miniature robotic system providing passive guidance for pedicle screw placement at the lumbar spine. Special focus was laid on the postoperative accuracy of screw placement.Summary and Background Data.Recent t