Electron-enriched thione enables strong Pb-S interaction for stabilizing high quality CsPbI3 perovskite films with low-temperature processing

2020 
Cesium lead iodide (CsPbI3) perovskite is a promising photovoltaic material with a suitable bandgap and high thermal stability. However, it involves complicated phase transitions, and the black-phase CsPbI3 is mostly formed and stabilized at high temperatures (200-360 °C), making its practical application challenging. Here, for the first time, we have demonstrated a feasible route for growing high quality black-phase CsPbI3 thin films at mild conditions by using a neutral molecular additive of 4(1H)-pyridinethione (4-PT). The resulting CsPbI3 thin films are morphologically uniform and phase stable in ambient conditions, consisting of micron-sized grains with oriented crystal stacking. Upon a range of characterizations on intermolecular interactions, the electron-enriched thione group in 4-PT is distinguished to be critical to enable a strong Pb-S interaction, which not only influences the crystallization paths, but also stabilizes the black-phase CsPbI3 via crystal surface functionalization. The 4-PT based CsPbI3 achieves 13.88% power conversion efficiency in p-i-n structured device architecture, and encapsulated devices can retain over 85% of their initial efficiencies after 20-days storage in ambient environment, which are the best results among fully low-temperature processed CsPbI3 photovoltaics.
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