Structure-activity analysis of antagonism of the feedback inhibition of thymidine kinase

Abstract The effects of a variety of 5-, 5′-, and 3′-substituted deoxyuridine derivatives on the cytoplasmic thymidine kinase (EC 2.7.1.21) purified from a human colon carcinoma cell line, HCT 116, were determined. Of particular interest was elucidation of the structural features important for antagonism of the feedback inhibition of thymidine kinase exerted by thymidine triphosphate. Substitutions at the 5-position altered the potency of the 5′-modified compounds. The replacement of the 5-hydrogen with a methyl group or an iodine greatly increased the affinity of compounds for the thymidine kinase. This was evident for enzyme substrates with 5′-hydroxyl groups [2′-deoxyuridine (dUrd), 2′-deoxythymidine (dThd) and 5-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine (IdUrd)], feedback inhibitors with 5′-triphosphate substitutions (dUTP, dTTP and IdUTP), and for 5′-amino derivatives [5′-amino-2′,5′-dideoxyuridine (5′-AdUrd), 5′-amino-2′-5′-dideoxythymidine (5′-AdThd) and 5-iodo-5′-amino-2′,5′-dideoxyuridine (5′-AIdUrd)]. Qualitatively, however, the 5-substitutions did not affect the nature of the interactions with dThd kinase. For example, in the presence of dTTP, 5′-AdUrd stimulated dThd kinase activity as much as 5′-AdThd, but approximately a 100-fold greater concentration of 5′-AdUrd was required. Similar results were obtained using intact cells in which substitutions at the 5-position affected the potency, but not the efficacy, of the 5′-amino derivatives to stimulate dThd phosphorylation. In contrast, substitutions at the 5′-position did alter the nature of the interaction with dThd kinase. Thus, the 5′-hydroxyl compounds, dUrd, dThd and IdUrd, did not reverse the enzyme inhibition produced by dTTP nor did they stimulate dThd uptake in intact cells. 5′-Deoxy-5′-ethylthio)thymidine, 5′-deoxy-5′-[(2-hydroxyethyl)thio]thymidine, and dTMP, but not dTDP, also antagonized the inhibition of dThd kinase produced by dTTP. In comparison to 5′-AdThd, the 3′-amino derivatives, 3′-AdThd and 3′-5′-diAdThd, were much less potent, but still efficacious, antagonists of feedback inhibition. These results indicate that a wide range of dUrd derivatives can disrupt the regulation of dThd kinase and provide leads for the development of new nucleotide analogues.