Differential role of prefrontal and parietal cortices in controlling level of consciousness

There is current controversy regarding the role of prefrontal versus posterior cortices in consciousness. Clinical and correlative data have been used both to support and refute a causal role for prefrontal cortex in the level of consciousness, but a definitive relationship has not been demonstrated. We used anesthetic-induced unconsciousness as a model system to study the effect of cholinergic and noradrenergic stimulation of rat prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices on the level of consciousness. We demonstrate that cholinergic stimulation of prefrontal cortex, but not parietal cortical areas, restored wakefulness in rats despite continuous exposure to sevoflurane anesthesia. Noradrenergic stimulation of the prefrontal or parietal areas did not reverse the anesthetized state. We conclude that cholinergic mechanisms in prefrontal cortex can control the level of consciousness.