Persistent left superior vena cava: diagnosis with saline contrast echocardiography.

The prevalence of persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) has been estimated to be 0.5% in the absence of other congenital cardiac disease and 3–10% when associated with other cardiac defects. PLSVC does not affect the normal circulation because the systemic venous return enters the right heart chambers, usually through a dilated …